Does Nonviolence Work on a Large Scale - 1818 Words

It has been debated though out history whether or not nonviolence â€Å"works†. Many societies, and this without question includes the United States, have mostly relied on violent tactics. Many people believe that violence is the only way to stop wars, even though it creates war, and people tend to believe that violence is the one solution to many global and political problems. However, recent literature and research is starting to prove otherwise. Erica Chenoweth, a political scientist, recently published a book, Why Civil Resistance Works in 2011. The research highlights data that shows throughout history, nonviolent tactics are more effective than violent ones in various ways. Chenoweth seeks to explain why â€Å"nonviolent resistance often†¦show more content†¦Not only would the U.S. government be extremely displeased and angry with this but the nonviolent movement would likely not be able to gain enough members to support them. This is all because the sponsor wo uld ruin the creditability of the movement. When the support or sponsor is seen as non-threating or have creditability that gives the nonviolent campaign more creditability and makes that movement more likely to succeed.5 Many would argue that violent campaigns are more successful because they provide immediate results. Examples of this would be things such as providing territorial gains, settling scores, gaining prestige. While these things many be gained immediately, they tend to be short lived, and the violent campaigns of which these things are gained tend to fail in the long run.6 When looking at the twenty five largest resistance campaigns between 1900-2006, of which twenty were nonviolent and five were violent, the nonviolent had more success. Most of the violent campaigns that failed were trying to gain something immediately and in the long run. One example of this would be when the Nazi occupation invaded Poland in 1944 and tried to completely take over the country.7 While they made some territorial gains in the beginning, the overallShow MoreRelatedTerrorism And Its Effects On The United States1433 Words   |  6 Pagesof overthrowing it. By looking into, how nonviolent action works towar ds delegitimizing the state, along with both the Orange Revolution and the Egyptian Revolutions where nonviolence achieved this. In addition, understanding how the state in these cases handles or reacts to these events is a major factor, just as well as how the people use certain tools of nonviolent action against the state. After looking into these areas of nonviolence, understanding the answer to when and how non-violent actionRead MoreNonviolence And Its Absolute Moral2219 Words   |  9 Pagescentury we see the influence and impact of nonviolence all over the world. While â€Å"nonviolence is as old as the hills,† as Gandhi said, it was during the 20th century in which the philosophy and practice of nonviolence grasped the human imagination and exploded in amazing and unexpected ways, as individuals, groups, and movements developed creative, life-affirming ways to overcome oppression, resolve conflict, establish justice, and build democracy. Nonviolence has grown as a po licy, based on the moralRead MoreThe Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)1699 Words   |  7 Pagessuccessful, but the leaders had a reluctance to combine individual local groups and thus saw the SNCC as a temporary partnership. A lack of strong leadership stemmed from the lack of experience in the students, who had organized small-scale protests, but nothing nearly as large as the SNCC. In Mat of 1961 SNCC got deeply involved in the â€Å"Freedom ride† movement, a movement in response to the lack of enforcement of the results of the Irene Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia supreme court ruling that segregatingRead MoreThe Struggle For Civil Rights During The Twentieth Century2664 Words   |  11 Pagesdevelopment in major civil rights organizations such as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLA), and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Baker outlined her work strateg y in this statement: You don’t see me on television, you don’t see news stories about me. The kind of role that I tried to play was pick up pieces or put together pieces out of which I hoped organization might come. My theory is, strong peopleRead More The Velvet Revolution Essay example2252 Words   |  10 Pagesstarted to push for an end to the single party political system that had been forced on them for years. 1989 was the year of many revolutions and demonstrations in eastern and central Europe. In October of 1989 police in Prague had to break up a few large demonstrations that broke out on the 71st anniversary of the establishment of Czechoslovakia. On the 50th anniversary of the death of Jan Opletal, a Czech student killed by the Nazis during World War II, students took to the streets for peaceful demonstrationsRead MoreNonviolent Movements Achieve Social Change Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesnon-violent methods can ultimately go beyond local violent protest, spread nationally t hrough movements, and protest without requiring violence. These events because of the non-violent protests have forever changed the American society, creating better work, race, and foreign country relations. The success of the labor, African American, and the 1960’s anti-war peace protest prove that nonviolent approach is the most effective means of attaining social change. Violent strikes during the Labor ForceRead MoreSummary of Ghandi the Movie6362 Words   |  26 Pagesor in any way using violence as a weapon. The fact that he defeated the British Empire by winning Indian Independence is considered as testimony that Gandhi should be given the status of being remembered as a ‘great man’ in history. Gandhi began his work against the injustices of the British Empire when he was still a young man in South Africa. After returning to India, Gandhi had convinced himself that he must get in touch with the common people and convince them to follow him in nonviolent and non-cooperativeRead MoreMediation Between Mediation And Arbitration2360 Words   |  10 Pagesis the opposite because the people do not need to be in the same room. Mediation can be used in two different rooms, where the mediator acts as a messenger. Since arbitration is resolved by a third party it resolves solely on content and typically does not address the relational or face saving aspects. (Cite) In mediation since the parties decide they get to discuss their problems with each other this will result in a saved relationship and an apology. Mediation unlike other techniques, fixes problemsRead More`` Four Days `` September `` By Bruno Barreto1936 Words   |  8 PagesBrazilian society has gone through transitions that have generally moved in the direction of modernization and democracy. The 1998 film, Four Days in September, directed by Bruno Barreto, is formed around the conflicts of an overpowering government that does not enforce social justice laws. The major transition of Brazil’s government is from a dictatorship to a democracy. The film is based on Fernando Gabeira s memoir O Que É Isso Companheiro, the true story of his involvement in the kidnapping of AmericanRead MoreNonviolent Resistance And Nonviolent Action2197 Words   |  9 Pagessupporters and ultimately achieved their goals. Thus, it is logical enough to say that nonviolen t resistance is effective and has the ability to force a social change. In fact, nonviolent action is a far better method for social change than violent works. To begin with, Gene Sharp, an expert on Peace Studies and Nonviolent Resistance, defines nonviolent action as, â€Å"methods of protest, noncooperation, and intervention in which the actionists, without employing physical violence, refuse to do certain

Andrew Alden - ThoughtCo

12 Years a Slave and Crossing the River Postcolonial...

In the words of Kurt Vonnegut, â€Å"all this happened, more or less.† Despite the fact that time-travel and World War II (aka Slaughterhouse Five) have absolutely no relevance here, the quote still stands as a remembrance of sorts. Slavery in the colonial period happened more than less, actually. From the 16th to 19th centuries, the British Empire orchestrated the greatest institution of oppression through the Atlantic slave trade, subsequently producing unconscious bigotry and racialized fantasies. As a postcolonial United States absconded from the political, cultural and economic ways of Great Britain, imperialism remained as a consequence of the human colonialism of slavery. Steve McQueen’s adaptation of 12 Years a Slave depicts the legacy†¦show more content†¦Thus, discrimination and racism towards black slaves in the United States and diasporic individuals (as a result of colonialism) become synonymous through the theory of neocolonialism. Under these cir cumstances, 12 Years a Slave and Caryl Phillips’ Crossing the River come to be one in the same through their want to reclaim and recover ethnic identity, and decolonize those internalized mindsets. In both McQueen’s adaptation and Phillips’ novel, slaves are depicted as capital incarnate, or living debts and impersonal obligations that were foisted upon them by their status as commercial objects. One of the major plantation and slave owners in the film, Edwin Epps (played by Michael Fassbender), can be seen as an extension of James Hamilton in â€Å"Crossing the River†. Each man in his â€Å"God-fearing† mentality personify the notion of commercial detachment, which essentially allows him to participate in the slave trade while maintaining a Christian belief. Thus, slavery became justified solely through the idea that it was a means for capital enterprise. Throughout 12 Years a Slave, the diversity of characters is conveyed through Solomon’s rather detached outlook, which inevitably fails him in his attempts to stereotypically classify slave proprietors as rogues, and the slaves uniformly as heroes. While this is actually aShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesdemarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008)Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesUniversity, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account of ideas, perspectives and practices of organization. By thoroughly explaining, analyzing and exploring organization theory the book increases the understanding of a field that in recent years has become ever more fragmented. Organization theory is central to managing, organizing and reflecting on both formal and informal structures, and in this respect you will find this book timely, interesting and valuable. Peter Holdt Christensen, Associate

Why Employees Are Not Working As A Team - 1184 Words

Ahmad Jabareen Dr. Christopher Gourdine Graduate Management 04 September 2014 One of the most important objects that today’s business depends on is training. Speed market requires that employees constantly learn new skills. Increasing dependence on collaboration creates a demand for the ability to solve problems in teams. The ability that regularly requires proper training. Organizations need training programs that improves skills and behaviors that will help the organization achieve its goals, this is created throughout instructional design. In order to determine whether the training will be the solution; first it will be necessary to begin with a needs assessments, (the process of assessing the establishment, employees, and employees’ tasks to decide what kinds of training, if any, are required.) Before looking for the solution; it is logical to find the cause of why the employees are not working as a team, in order to find the efficient and effective solution. Starting with a needs assessments process as the first step in the instructional design process, which is the most important step in finding the solution; because training in some situations would not be the best solution, employees may have issues of low salaries, no reward system, or no motivations in the work place. The needs assessment would also include organizational, person, and task analysis. The needs assessments will start with organization analysis, the process of evaluating theShow MoreRelatedEffective Ways Of Managing A Remote Team1402 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Ways of Managing A Remote Team Are you currently working with a virtual team whose members are located in more than ten countries across the world? If yes, then you know how challenging it can be to manage the team. Sometimes it is impossible for you to understand what the employees are doing and that can cause anxiety and discomfort to any small business owner. You might have also noticed that remote employees have fluctuating work efficacy. They perform excellently during particularRead MoreImplementing A Unified Code Of Conduct868 Words   |  4 Pagestwo would be to bring the management team together and explain to them why it is good for the company to have a written code of conduct. The third step would be to figure out a way together, how to implement a code of conduct towards the employees. Step four would be to pick out a course of action that everyone in both management teams agrees on. In step five, it would be to write out not only the code of conduct, but also explaining why do they need it and wh y do they have to follow it either inRead MoreImportant Components Of A Virtual Team Performance Essay1191 Words   |  5 PagesOne of the most important components in any type of team is communication. Excellent communication between the team members is important to achieve the team goals. Talking about achieving goals of the team, it is central to have shared team goals. Also, mutual respect and trust among the team members are main components of the team as well. There are five identified components of a virtual team. â€Å"There differentiators- commitment and engagement, shared processes for decision making, information flowRead MoreShadow Health : The Vision And Direction Of The Company820 Words   |  4 PagesWhen sharing his vision for the company, the CEO explains in detail how each team member helps to contribute to the vision. This allows for the team to see how they fit into the vision and direction of the company. The CEO always asks if there are any obstacles or blo ckers that he can help to remove that are preventing the team from accomplishing what they are working on. The team trusts the CEO to follow through on these promises as he has always done so in the past. Shadow Health is a companyRead MoreProblem Solving and Team Members Essay example1584 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿SECTION 1: CREATE OPPORTUNITIES TO MAXIMISE INNOVATION WITHIN THE TEAM Last answered at: 20/05/2014 05:04PM Activity 1 20/05/2014 05:04PM 1 Why is it necessary to reflect on what the team needs and wants to achieve? All members of the team must know what are the specific goals and work objectives, that need to be achieved, when they must be completed and the standard to which they should be completed. It is necessary for every team of an organization to set directions on work goals and objectivesRead MoreCultural Differences Between Us And Korea1700 Words   |  7 PagesSamyung Trading. This case is about the American Stephen Shawler who has been working as co-CEO for the newly-established Essilor Korea for six months. Earlier he has been working in Singapore and China for eight years. Now he feels that during his time in Korea he has achieved very little and he has issues with his team and the CEO. Cross-Cultural issues Even though the US citizen Stephen Shawler had spent many years working in Asia the cultural differences between US and Korea are on a grand scaleRead MoreA Situation At Mufg Union Bank886 Words   |  4 Pagesfraud I’ve been seeing are money mule, money laundering, elderly abuse, virus scam, and ID theft. I have been working at Union Bank for the past seven months I have not seen any team building events within the company. What is team building? Team building is working with a group of people towards a common goal. One of the main issues identified was the lack comradely within Union Bank employees. Action Plan Achieving this goal will not be an easy process by changing the culture of the organizationRead MoreOrganizational Motivation Plan1568 Words   |  7 Pagesdaily business is seeking solutions to make teams more productive while also ensuring that they are focused on the goals of the area in which they operate. Most importantly, they also make sure that these teams are committed to the organizations strategic objectives. When one talks about productivity, the terms ‘focus’ and ‘commitment’ are basically interconnected with the motivation level of employees. Many managers spend hours wondering: Why are my teams lagging behind in productivity? There areRead MoreEssay on Btec Business Level 3 Unit 2 Business Resources M2827 Words   |  4 Pagesstaff in Thorpe Park. Recruitment This is the process of taking in employees for a job when a job becomes vacant. Skills Thorpe Park looks for when recruiting staff Team working: The employees at Thorpe Park will need to be able work well in teams so that they can help other employees with work that they are doing and also to help make important group decisions. This will help the customers as all the employees will be working together so will serve them quicker and more efficiently. This willRead MoreWhy Turnover Is Not Beneficial For Any Organization?1419 Words   |  6 PagesWhy Turnover is not Beneficial for any Organization? In any organization high employee turnover is not cost effective and is time consuming. The credibility of the organization might also be affected if employees do not stay for a good period of time working for them. A good reason employees may resign is being motivated by higher pay. No matter how much someone enjoys working for that organization if better pay is offered somewhere else they will more likely will end up leaving. Every organization

Benefits of Two Years Mandatory Military Service Free Essays

With the present constant threat to national security and the many advantages that military service imparts to the individual, I take the position that every able-bodied citizen (male and female) should have a two-year military service. The first advantage of military service is that it pushes a man to develop personal discipline. In American society today, many youths were not able to develop any personal discipline (Armstrong, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Benefits of Two Years Mandatory Military Service or any similar topic only for you Order Now People who are undisciplined are usually the cause of trouble and more likely to commit many criminal offenses. That is because, people like them do not know how to take care of themselves and their society. They are lazy and just want to hang out in the streets and having nothing else to do, get themselves into drugs or other illegal activities. They are usually the ones who cannot find jobs or were constantly got fired.   In the end, they became a menace to society.   In reality, parents of this youths often cannot make them reform. Requiring this kind of people to enter military service for two years is the best means   for them to develop personal discipline, whether they like it or not. In military, failure to obey commands or follow rules means facing the corresponding military consequences. As I came from a military family (my dad, mom and step mom and three uncles are working in the military), I can attests that people from this service are well-disciplined individuals. Next, military service helps to â€Å"structure† a youth’s life. Most youths after high school will still be confused or unsure of what career to take in life. The underlying cause may be because they do not know themselves very well yet. They still do not know their strengths, weaknesses and what they really want in life. In short, their life still lacks â€Å"structure† from which to build a foundation. Having no compulsory military service to look forward to, these youths may waste their time with unnecessary experimentations, doing drugs or getting into close intimate relationships resulting to unwanted pregnancies (Armstrong, 2006). Mandatory military service will help these youths think of their options in life. In the military camps and training grounds, they will come to know their weaknesses, fears as well as strengths and the skill how to handle them. Free educational opportunities will also help them to get better acquainted with their interest and provide direction to their civilian life later on. Entering military service includes teaching     combat skills and survival methods (Armstrong, 2006).   The individual will come to know how to protect himself or others in danger. When he become a civilian later on, these skills will be helpful to ward off rapist, gang assaults, and other personal emergencies. He will also develop the skills how to be alert, to be able to detect suspicious activities around him. This is especially helpful in stopping or intercepting terrorist activities that is now constantly threatening the country. The military and the police had always wanted the civilian to cooperate and be on the alert regarding terrorism but most often than not the citizens were not of a much help due their ignorance or incapability. The best benefit of military service are the many lessons it will impart to the individual that may take a longer time to be learned   if he is   not in the military. He will get to have the chance to travel to many places and meet many kinds of people. He will learn independence, courage, self-determination, loyalty, responsibility and attention to details. Many men in history, US presidents specifically, made the right decisions because of the lessons they learned in the frontlines. For example, George Washington as a general knew the seriousness of the threat of British invasion, so that as a President in spite of much opposition to his decision he signed an unpopular treaty that prevented the British from ever successfully invading the country. Andrew Jackson was a major general who fought against the mighty British Army, and when he won, it had given him the courage to face other personal and political foes of his life. And lastly ( although there are still others), John F. Kennedy, as a lieutenant had acquired the ability to pay attention to details and how one slight mistake can cause larger problems .This attitude had helped him   make better decision during the Cuban missile crisis( Kliff, 2008). Many feared that to enlist in military service is to make an     early appointment with death. However, it must be understood that many men, young and old, died outside of military service. Their deaths were often due to lack of personal discipline. In fact, whatever disadvantage a man may think about military service, the advantages outweighs the disadvantages. Take for example the lessons he learned in two years in the frontlines. These briefly learned lessons will guide him throughout the many years of civilian life ahead of him. The conscript will become a better mother or father later on.   Aside from that, if military service is mandatory, the military will benefit because they will have many members who will protect the country and the millions of money originally allocated for recruitment will be channeled for training. The country, on the other hand, will benefit because its citizens will be well disciplined, mature, and able to defend themselves (Armstrong, 2006). References: 1.     Kliff, Sarah.(February 2008).   Lessons From the Front Line.   Newsweek. 151(6). 2. Williams, Armstrong. (June 2006).   Mandatory Military Service will Benefit the US. Newsmax. Retrieved February 14, 2008    How to cite Benefits of Two Years Mandatory Military Service, Essay examples

Anselm And Aquinas Essay Example For Students

Anselm And Aquinas Essay Although born in Alpine Italy and educated in Normandy, Anselm became aBenedictine monk, teacher, and abbot at Bec and continued his ecclesiasticalcareer in England. Having been appointed the second Norman archbishop ofCanterbury in 1093, Anselm secured the Westminster Agreement of 1107,guaranteeing the (partial) independence of the church from the civil state. In aseries of short works such as De Libertate Arbitrii (On Free Will), De CasuDiaboli (The Fall of the Devil), and Cur Deus Homo (Why God became Man), Anselmpropounded a satisfaction theory of the atonement and defended a theology likeAugustines, that emphasized the methodological priority of faith over reason,since truth is to be achieved only through faith seekingunderstanding. Anselms combination of Christianity, neoplatonicmetaphysics, and Aristotelean logic in the form of dialecticalquestion-and-answer was an important influence in the development of laterscholasticism. As a philosopher, Anselm is most often remembered f or hisattempts to prove the existence of god: In De Veritate (Of Truth) he argued thatall creatures owe their being and value to god as the source of all truth, towhom a life lived well is the highest praise. In the Monologion he describeddeity as the one good thing from which all real moral values derive, whoseexistence is required by the reality of those values. Most famously, in theProslogion (Addition), Anselm proposed the famous Ontological Argument,according to which god is understood as that than which nothing greatercan be conceived. Such a being, he argued, must necessarily exist inreality as well as in thought, since otherwise it would in fact be possible toconceive something greatersomething exactly similar except for its existence. Thus, at least for Anselmian believers guided by a prior faith, god must trulyexist as the simple, unified source of all perfections, which excludescorruption, imperfection, and deception of eve. Reflecting on the text of Psalm14 (Fools say in their hearts, There is no god.') in his Proslogion,Anselm proposed a proof of divine reality that has come to be known as theOntological Argument. The argument takes the Psalmist quite literally bysupposing that in virtue of the content of the concept of god there is acontradiction involved in the denial of gods existence. Anselm supposes that inorder to affirm or deny anything about god, we must first form in our minds theappropriate concept, namely the concept of that than which nothing greatercan be conceived. Having done so, we have in mind the idea of god. But ofcourse nothing about reality usually follows from what we have in mind, since weoften think about things that do not (or even cannot) actually exist. In thecase of this special con cept, however, Anselm argued that what we could think ofmust in fact exist independently of our thinking of it. Suppose the alternative:if that than which nothing greater can be conceived existed only in my mind andnot in reality, then I could easily think of something else which would in factbe greater than this (namely, the same thing existing in reality as well as inmy mind), so that what I originally contemplated turns out not in fact to bethat than which nothing greater can be conceived. Since this is a contradiction,only a fool would believe it. So that than which nothing greater can beconceived (that is, god) must exist in reality as well as in the mind. Born toan aristocratic family living near Naples, Italy, Thomas Aquinas joined theDominican order and studied philosophy and theology in Naples, Paris, and K?ln,where he was exposed to Aristotelean thought by Albert the Great and William ofMoerbeke. During the rest of his life, he taught at Paris and Rome, writingmillions of words on philosophical and theological issues and earning hisreputation among the scholastics as the angelic doctor. Aquinasdeveloped in massive detail a synthesis of Christianity and Aristotelianphilosophy that became the official doctrine of Roman Catholic theology in 1879. .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a , .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .postImageUrl , .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a , .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:hover , .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:visited , .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:active { border:0!important; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:active , .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua84f4904c8448e57a8f69492485ef33a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Slaughter House Five EssayDe Ente et Essentia (On Being and Essence) includes a basic statement ofAquinass philosophical positions. His literary activity stopped abruptly as theresult of a religious experience a few months before his death. Although hewrote many commentaries on the works of Aristotle and a comprehensive Summa deVeritate Catholicae Fidei contra Gentiles (Summa) Contra Gentiles) (1259-1264),Aquinass unfinished Summa Theologica (1265-1273) represents the most completestatement of his philosophical system. The sections of greatest interest forsurvey courses include his views on the nature of god, including the five waysto prove gods existence, and his expo sition of natural law. Although matters ofsuch importance should be accepted on the basis of divine revelation alone,Aquinas held, it is at least possible (and perhaps even desirable) in somecircumstances to achieve genuine knowledge of them by means of the strictapplication of human reason. As embodied souls, human beings naturally rely onsensory information for their knowledge of the world. Anselms OntologicalArgument is not acceptable, Aquinas argued, since we are in fact ignorant of thedivine essence from which it is presumed to begin. We cannot hope to demonstratethe necessary existence of a being whose true nature we cannot even conceive bydirect or positive means. Instead, Aquinas held, we must begin with the sensoryexperiences we do understand and reason upward from them to their origin insomething eternal. In this vein, Aquinas presented his own Five Waysto prove the existence of god. The first three of these ways are all variationsof the Cosmological Argument. The first wa y is an argument from motion, derivedfairly directly from Aristotles Metaphysics: 1.There is something moving. 2.Everything that moves is put into motion by something else. 3.But this seriesof antecedent movers cannot reach back infinitely. 4.Therefore, there must be afirst mover (which is god). The second way has the same structure, but beginsfrom experience of an instance of efficient cause, and the third way relies moreheavily upon a distinction between uncertain and necessary being. Aquinassfourth way is a variety of Moral Argument. It begins with the factual claim thatwe do make judgments about the relative perfection of ordinary things. But thecapacity to do so, Aquinas argued, presupposes an absolute standard ofperfection to which we compare everything else. This argument relies moreheavily on Platonic and Augustinian notions, and has the advantage of defendingthe existence of god as moral exemplar rather than as abstract initiator ofreality. The fifth way is the Teleological Argument: the order and arrangementof the natural world (not merely its existence) bespeaks the deliberate desi gnof an intelligent creator. Although it is an argument by analogy, which can atbest offer only probable reason for believing the truth of its conclusion, thisproof offers a concept of god that most fully corresponds to the traditionalelements of medieval Christian theology. Since its experiential basis lies inour understanding of the operation of nature, this line of reasoning tends tobecome more compelling the more thorough our scientific knowledge is advanced.

Cloning Has Science Gone Too Far Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper Cloning: HAS SCIENCE GONE TOO FAR? Introduction For old ages the topic of cloning has captured the imaginativenesss of writers, film managers and much of the human population. Cloning is the chance of making an animate being or even a individual that is genetically indistinguishable to its # 8220 ; parent. # 8221 ; Until late the topic seemed implausible and fictional, because no 1 truly realized how close we had really advanced in cloning research. It was during February of 1997 that an embryologist, Dr. Ian Wilmut, announced the birth of a cloned lamb named Dolly. She was the first of all time successfully cloned mammal from an grownup cell. What Dr. Wilmut did was astonishing. He took the Deoxyribonucleic acid from a six-year-old Ewe and fused it with the egg of another Ewe after taking the 2nd Ewe # 8217 ; s ain DNA. After blending, the cell began to split every bit would a regular embryo. The embryo was so implanted in a 3rd Ewe who merely a few months subsequently gave birth to Dolly 1. Upon intelligence of this, many people began to oppugn the possibility of non merely making genetically indistinguishable sheep, but worlds every bit good. There has been much contention on whether or non the cloning of worlds every bit good as animate beings is ethical or even moral. Besides there has been much treatment as to whether or non the benefits of cloning outweigh the dangers. WHAT ARE THE BENEFITS IN CLONING RESEARCH? There is no uncertainty that Dr. Wilmut # 8217 ; s new finds have brought an tumult of exhilaration between non merely the scientific community, but the general populace every bit good. Groups such as husbandmans, sawboness and even conservationists have shown assorted involvements in cloning research. The agriculture community has expressed much machination in cloning for the intent of being able to reproduce transcripts of their best animate beings. For illustration, a dairy husbandman would much instead be able to take his best dairy cow and animate it by copying its Deoxyribonucleic acid as opposed to engendering it and taking a opportunity that the calf would either be male or an unprofitable female2. Medical physicians have besides been rather interested in the recent finds of Dr. Wilmut every bit good. Cloning research has brought them one measure closer to the possibility of really cloning variety meats. The advantages of this would be the ability to take person # 8217 ; s DNA and utilize it to make a healthy and compatible organ to replace one that is failing3. A good illustration of this would be a bosom graft patient. Scientists would be able to make a bosom within a research lab scene and engraft it into the patient. Environmentalists have besides jumped on the cloning # 8220 ; bandwagon. # 8221 ; There has been treatment of utilizing cloning techniques in engendering endangered species which have problem reproducing in imprisonment. Panda bears would be a good illustration of this. WHAT ARE THE DANGERS IN CLONING? There have been several expostulations that are related to the dangers in cloning animate beings every bit good as the possibility of cloning worlds. There have been many scientists who do non believe that this research should be continued due to the dangers that it presents. There were complications in the birth of Dolly. She was the lone successful birth out of 277 attempts within 29 different ewes4. All 276 of the staying embryos died before they were born. As Dr. Colin Stewart, a celebrated embryolgist at the National Cancer Institute, was quoted as stating # 8220 ; # 8230 ; the high rate of self-generated abortion suggests, cloning sometimes amendss DNA. As a consequence Dolly could develop a figure of diseases that could shorten her life5. # 8221 ; During a United States hearing refering authorities support for cloning research, Representative Vernon Ehlers of Michigan pointed out one danger in human cloning. # 8221 ; # 8216 ; What if in the cloning procedure you produce person with two caputs and three arms. # 8217 ; he said. # 8216 ; Are you merely traveling to euthanize and dispose of that individual? The reply is no. We # 8217 ; re speaking about human life6. # 8217 ; # 8221 ; Another factor to take into consideration is the psychological reverberations that a individual may confront if they were to be born as a clo ne. There may be certain force per unit areas for them to be or move a certain manner. Possibly society might anticipate excessively much or even excessively small out of them because of whom from which they were cloned. Their full individualism could acquire lost in the whole procedure every bit good, due to the mere fact that they are indistinguishable to the parent. Aside from the dangers in cloning people, there are besides dangers related to cloning farm animate beings every bit good. # 8220 ; Cloned animate beings, FitzGerald said, might sound appealing-scientists could clone the pantry Kobe beef cowss or the meatiest hogs, for illustration. But these cloned animals would besides portion an indistinguishable susceptibleness to disease, he cautioned. An full cloned herd could be wiped out nightlong if the virus swept through it7. # 8221 ; While it may look more profitable to husbandmans to clone their animate beings, it really could stop up bing them more in the long tally. Decision Make THE BENEFITS OUTWEIGH THE DANGERS? There is no uncertainty that the scientific discipline of cloning has brought mankind further in front than anyone of all time thought possible. But is it worth the hazards? The reply is no. Every benefit that cloning nowadayss can be easy counterned by an even greater danger. Take the possibility of salvaging endangered species. If, for case, we were able to salvage the full Panda bear population by agencies of cloning, we would still be unable to supply them with the natural home ground that they need. Let us non bury that it is the decreasing environment from which they come that is to fault for their extinction. And while it would be great to salvage the Panda bear population, we should concentrate our attempts more towards the existent ground for their extinction. As stated earlier, there are many possible familial lacks that can ensue from cloning. Now, taking into consideration that factor, would there truly be much demand for consumers to purchase merchandises that come from perchance genetically deffective animate beings? Of class non. If anything people would more likely stick to meat or dairy merchandises that were produced in a natural environment. Undoutedly, the most good consequence that cloning can show is the ability to make variety meats. But, we must recognize the hazard involved every bit good. There would most likely be a great many failures before there were to be even one success. And there is no significant grounds that this would even be possible. So the hazard seems to greatly outweigh any possible benefit. The hazards involved in cloning people every bit good as animate beings are of a much greater magnitude than many people realize. Our society needs to get down weighing in the unsafe effects before doing any solid decisions, because cloning may weave up bing us much more than we bargained for. Notes 1. Gina Kolata, # 8220 ; Scientist Reports First Cloning Ever of Adult Mammal, # 8221 ; New York Times Online, February 23, 1997, 1 ( www.nytimes.com ) 2. J. Madeline Nash, # 8220 ; The Age of Cloning, # 8221 ; Time Magazine, March 10, 1997, Vol. 149, No.10, 1 ( www.time.com ) 3. Kolata, # 8220 ; Scientist Reports First Cloning Ever of Adult Mammal, # 8221 ; 3 4. Nash, # 8220 ; The Age of Cloning, # 8221 ; Vol. 149, No.10, 3 5. Nash, # 8220 ; The Age of Cloning, # 8221 ; Vol. 149, No.10, 3 6. Katharine Q. Seelye, # 8220 ; Congressman Offers Bill to Ban Cloning of Humans, # 8221 ; New York Times Online, March 6, 1997, 1 7. Kolata, # 8220 ; With Cloning of a Sheep, Ethical Ground Shifts, # 8221 ; New York Times Online, February 24, 1997, 3 Kass, Leon R. and James Q. Wilson. The Ethics of Human Cloning Washington, D.C. : The AE Press, 1998 Kolata, Gina. # 8220 ; Scientist Reports First Cloning Ever of Adult Mammal. # 8221 ; New York Times Online ( www.nytimes.com ) , 23 February 1997 Kolata, Gina. # 8220 ; With Cloning Sheep, Ethical Ground Shifts. # 8221 ; New York Times Online ( www.nytimes.com ) , 24 February 1997 Nash, J. Madeline. # 8221 ; The Age of Cloning. # 8221 ; Time Magazine ( www.time.com ) , 10 March 1997 Sleeye, Katharine. # 8220 ; Congressman Offers Bill to Ban Cloning of Humans. # 8221 ; New York Times Online ( www.nytimes.com ) 6 March 1997